The chapter is organized as follows: The working principles of ISR’s and the general theory of incoherent scatter spectrum are described in Sections 2 and 3. ISR spectral features in unmagnetized and magnetized plasmas are examined in Sections 4 and 5, respectively. Coulomb collision process operating in magnetized ionosphere is described in Section 6. Effects of Coulomb collisions on particle trajectories and ISR spectra are discussed in Sections 7 and 8. Finally, Section 9 discusses the magnetoionic propagation effects on incoherent scattered radar signals. The chapter ends with a brief summary in Section 10.
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