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Enlaces de Referencias
On vertical plasma drift measurements made by a new medium power incoherent scatter radar (MP ISR) mode at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory
(Elsevier, 2026-03-04) Massoud, Alexander A.; Abubakar, Anthony A.; Rodrigues, Fabiano S.; Kuyeng, Karim; Inoñán, Marcos; Scipión, Danny
A new medium power (MP) mode of the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory has been recently implemented. The MP ISR mode uses comparatively small transmitters (∼0.2 MW peak power) to allow routine observations (200 to 300 days per year) of ionospheric plasma drifts that were not possible with the original larger transmitters. Here, we present results of an analysis of the first year (October 2023-October 2024) of vertical drift measurements made with the standard version of this new mode. The analysis was carried out to verify the ability of the new measurements to reproduce the expected features of the equatorial ionospheric vertical drifts despite the reduction in transmitter power. Our analysis shows that the diurnal and seasonal variation of the climatological MP ISR vertical drifts matches expectations based on previous experimental and modeling studies of the equatorial vertical drifts. For instance, the MP ISR reproduces the diurnal variation of the vertical drifts that includes the development of the well-known pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) near sunset. The MP ISR mode also shows that the PRE peak reaches maximum values in December solstice and equinox. Peak PRE values are reduced in June solstice. Therefore, the climatological vertical drifts indicate that, despite the reduced transmitter power, the new MP ISR mode is capable of capturing the main features of the equatorial vertical drifts. To better evaluate the MP ISR mode, we also compare the MP ISR climatology with vertical drifts output from two empirical models that were created using independent data sets and different mathematical techniques. Good overall agreement was obtained between the measurements and model predictions. Here, we highlight that the new MP ISR measurements show a rapid variation in the vertical drifts near sunrise that was predicted by one of the models. We point out that this rapid change can also be seen in vertical drifts simulated by physics-based numerical models. The new, routine MP ISR measurements will enable a better understanding of the equatorial drifts under a wide range of geophysical conditions.
A Machine Learning‐Based Dynamic SST Index for Long‐ Lead Malaria Prediction in the Peruvian Amazon
(Wiley, 2026-01) Pan, Mengxin; Hu, Shineng; Janko, Mark M.; Zaitchik, Benjamin F.; Takahashi, Ken; Lescano, Andres G.; Munayco, Cesar V.; Pan, William K.
Malaria imposes a major health burden in the Peruvian Amazon, and its early warning is essential for effective disease prevention. The tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability, fundamentally shaping the global weather patterns, may also alter malaria transmission and potentially improve its long‐lead predictability. In this study, we propose a machine learning‐based methodology that leverages comprehensive tropical SST variability for malaria prediction in the Peruvian Amazon. First, we demonstrate that significant correlations broadly exist between tropical SST anomalies and Peruvian malaria occurrence across different seasons and time lags, confirming the potential predictability from the tropical ocean. Then, we apply the self‐ organizing map to synthesize the spatiotemporally varying SST‐malaria relationship and identify a unique dynamic SST index for Peruvian malaria. The dynamic SST index provides better performance (higher correlation coefficients and lower root mean square errors) in the generalized linear model, compared to the traditional El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index, with lead times exceeding 3 months. Furthermore, the dynamic SST index captures the evolution of the ENSO life cycle from its precursor climate mode (Pacific Meridional Mode) and appears to influence Peruvian malaria by altering the local near‐surface air temperature and specific humidity. Such underlying mechanisms provide the physically plausible basis for the long‐lead predictability of Peruvian malaria using a machine learning‐based remote predictor. Last but not least, we provide open‐source code for broad applications in linking tropical SST variability and vector‐borne disease transmission, or other climate‐sensitive socioeconomic issues.
Boletín sísmico mensual (febrero 2026)
(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2026-02) Instituto Geofísico del Perú
Durante el mes de febrero de 2026, el Centro Sismológico Nacional (CENSIS) reportó la ocurrencia de 53 sismos con epicentros en el borde occidental y dentro del territorio peruano.
Superficial Urban Heat Island in the City of Santos, Brazil
(Technoscience Publications, 2025-12-01) Angeles Suazo, Julio; Angeles Vasquez, Roberto; Lavado Meza, Carmencita; Angeles Suazo, Nataly; de la Cruz Cerrón, Leonel; Meza Mitma, Pabel; Flores Rojas, José Luis; Abi Karam, Hugo
This contribution estimates the intensity of Urban Heat Island (UHI) during the period 2001 - 2020 for the city of Santos (CS), located in São Paulo, Brazil. The formation of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) was quantified from 2 methods: the first was Streutker’s method, which adjusts the surface soil temperature (LST) (urban and rural surface) to a Gaussian surface. The second, the quantile method proposed by Jose Flores, uses the difference between the 0.95 quantile of the LST of the urban area and the median of the LST of the rural area. Both methods use remote sensing data of LST at 0.05° resolution, obtained from the MODIS sensor on board the TERRA and AQUA satellites. In general, the quantile method can be used as a complementary analysis to the Streutker method for cities with high LST. The results of the CS analysis, during diurnal periods, indicate maximum values in May (5.09°C) and minimum values in August (3.87°C). During the night period, it presented maximum values in February (3.94°C) and minimum values in August (2.40°C) with the quantile method, and due to its proximity to the Small Ocean, the Streutker method presents interferences.
Study of local and non-local post-midnight equatorial spread-F generation based on long-term AMISR-14 observations
(Springer, 2025-11-27) Massoud, Alexander A.; Rodrigues, Fabiano S.; Sousasantos, Jonas; Kuyeng, Karim; Scipión, Danny; Padin, Carlos
We present results of a study of post-midnight equatorial spread F (ESF) events over the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) that examined unambiguous radar measurements of event origin in the American sector. Our analysis considers variations in post-midnight ESF generation due to changing seasonal, solar, and geomagnetic conditions. We ana lyzed 396 nights of observations made with the 14-panel version of the Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar (AMISR-14) between July 2021 and August 2023. We leveraged the 10-beam AMISR-14 mode, which effectively meas ures ~ 400 km zonally of the equatorial F-region ionosphere, to identify and classify post-midnight ESF as either local (i.e., generated within the instrument field of view) or non-local (i.e., generated outside the instrument field of view). Our results for the occurrence rates of post-midnight ESF exhibit a strong seasonal dependence, with maximum values in June solstice and minimum values for equinoxes. The results also show the post-midnight ESF occurrence rates are anticorrelated to the solar flux conditions. As for geomagnetic activity, the results indicate that occurrence rates decrease considerably under geomagnetically quiet conditions. The combination of these seasonal, solar flux, and geomagnetic activity influences suggests the weakened downward plasma drifts late at night during June solstice conditions can be reversed to upward drifts by contributions from disturbance drifts. In the case of upward drifts caused by geomagnetic disturbances, the reversed upward post-midnight drifts may then contribute to condi tions favoring ESF development provided that a prompt penetration or disturbance dynamo electric field with appro priate polarity, even from modest geomagnetic activity, is present. In support of this proposed post-midnight ESF generation mechanism, we also present and discuss simultaneous AMISR-14 and collocated incoherent scatter radar measurements of a June solstice 2023 event. Perhaps most importantly, our results show the occurrence rates of local and non-local post-midnight ESF as observed with AMISR-14 are nearly identical. That is, local events were observed effectively as often as non-local events, and vice versa, under all seasonal, solar, and geomagnetic conditions. There fore, data-driven forecasting approaches relying exclusively on local (i.e., “overhead”) measurements of ionospheric/ thermospheric conditions may not always be well-suited to reproducing the observed ESF phenomenology.