Browsing by Author "Manoj, C."
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Item Restricted A real‐time forecast service for the ionospheric equatorial zonal electric field(American Geophysical Union, 2012-09-18) Manoj, C.; Maus, S.The zonal electric field is the primary driver of two important features of the equatorial ionosphere: (1)The Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA), and (2) plasma density irregularities, also known as spread‐F. During propagation through the ionosphere, communication and navigation radio signals are attenuated, delayed and scattered by these ionospheric features. Prediction of the zonal electric field is therefore a key to the real‐time specification of the ionosphere. We divide the zonal electric field into a climatological contribution plus the prompt‐penetration contribution predicted by a transfer‐function model applied to the interplanetary electric field measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite. The zonal electric field is predicted about one hour in advance, covering all local times and longitudes. The real‐time prediction is available as a Google application at http://www.geomag.us/models/PPEFM/RealtimeEF.html. The benefit of this application to space weather forecasting is twofold: As the driver of the equatorial plasma fountain, the predicted zonal electric field is a leading indicator by 2–3 h of the EIA and the Total Electron Content (TEC) of the equatorial ionosphere. Second, rapid uplift of the ionosphere by strong eastward electric field is known to induce spread‐F. Prediction of enhanced prompt penetration electric field in the eastward direction therefore enables the forecast of radio communication and navigation outages in the equatorial region.Item Open Access Estimating the daytime Equatorial Ionization Anomaly strength from electric field proxies(American Geophysical Union, 2008-09-10) Stolle, C.; Manoj, C.; Lühr, H.; Maus, S.; Alken, P.The Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) is a significant feature of the low‐latitude ionosphere. During daytime, the eastward electric field drives a vertical plasma fountain at the magnetic equator creating the EIA. Since the eastward electric field is also the driving force for the Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ), the latter is positively correlated with the EIA strength. We investigate the correlation between the zonal electric field and the EIA in the Peruvian sector and compare the results with correlations of the EEJ versus EIA strength. Analyzing 5 years of Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) electron density measurements, plasma drift readings from the Jicamarca Unattended Long‐term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere (JULIA) radar, and magnetic field observations at Huancayo and Piura, we find the EEJ strength and the zonal electric field to be suitable proxies for the EIA intensity. Both analyses reveal high correlation coefficients of cc > 0.8. A typical response time of the EIA to variations in the zonal electric field is ∼1–2 h, and it is ∼2–4 h after EEJ strength variations. Quantitative expressions are provided, which directly relate the EIA parameters to both proxies. From these relations, we infer that an EIA develops also during weak Counter Electrojets (CEJs), but no EIA forms when the vertical plasma drift is zero. For positive EEJ magnetic signatures to form, a minimum eastward electric field of 0.2 mV/m is required on average. The above‐mentioned delay between EIA and EEJ variations of ∼3 h is further confirmed by the investigation of the EIA response to transitions from CEJ to EEJ, e.g., during late morning hours.Item Restricted Long‐period prompt‐penetration electric fields derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements(American Geophysical Union, 2013-08-22) Manoj, C.; Maus, S.; Alken, P.The prompt penetration of the interplanetary electric field to the equatorial ionosphere is conveniently modeled with a frequency‐dependent transfer function. However, long‐period responses (>3 h) of previously estimated transfer functions differ considerably due to insufficient ionospheric eastward electric field (EEF) data useful for spectral analysis. The EEF derived from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite provides a new opportunity to reliably estimate the long‐period transfer function for the first time. Our objectives in this paper are twofold: first, we analyze the frequency spectra of the equatorial ionospheric eastward electric field for periods greater than 6 h; second, we test the hypothesis that the average prompt‐penetration effect lasts less than 3 h after an initial perturbation in the interplanetary electric field (IEF). We find that atmospheric sources dominate the EEF at diurnal frequencies, and its subharmonics and magnetospheric sources dominate the EEF for other frequencies. The CHAMP‐derived transfer function has smaller errors than the previous estimates, and we confirm that the average prompt‐penetration response of the equatorial ionospheric electric field to a 1 mV/m change in the IEF is negligible after 3 h and up to the maximum analysis period of 32 h. We update our transfer function model with the new data sets and make the filter coefficients available to the scientific community. The transfer function prediction matched reasonably well with the EEF observation in both the South American and Indian sectors. A transfer function model of the prompt‐penetration effects, driven by the interplanetary electric field, can be highly beneficial to the real‐time specification of the ionosphere.Item Restricted Penetration characteristics of the interplanetary electric field to the daytime equatorial ionosphere(American Geophysical Union, 2008-12-23) Manoj, C.; Maus, S.; Lühr, H.; Alken, P.Using 8 years of ionospheric drift measurements from the low‐latitude JULIA (Jicamarca Unattended Long‐term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere) radar and the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data from the ACE (Advance Composition Explorer) satellite, we study the characteristics of the prompt penetration of electric fields to the equatorial ionosphere. A large database allowed us to bring out statistically significant characteristics of electric field penetration as a function of frequency. The coherence between the interplanetary electric field (IEF) and the equatorial electric field (EEF) peaks around a 2‐hour period with a maximum magnitude squared coherence of 0.6. The coherence is slightly higher (0.7) on magnetically active (Ap > 20) days. The cross‐phase spectra between the ACE and JULIA variations, after elimination of the propagation delay, have negligible values. Correspondingly, the time shift between IEF and EEF is less than 5 minutes at all periods. We also find that the penetration efficiency is highest during local noon, as compared with that of morning and evening hours. The coherence is lower for days with high solar flux values. We find that the penetration of electric fields into the equatorial ionosphere has no significant dependence on season and on the polarity of IMF Bz. We propose a transfer function between IEF and EEF, which was validated on synthetic as well as observed IEF data. The use of this transfer function decreases the misfit of a climatological model with the measured equatorial electric field by 27%.