Browsing by Author "Condom, T."
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Item Open Access Cuantificación de la producción de sedimentos fluviales en suspensión, transportados desde los Andes hacia los manglares de Tumbes y Zarumilla(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2013-08) Morera Julca, Sergio Byron; Espinoza, Jhan Carlo; Takahashi, Ken; Atoche, D.; Guyot, J. L.; Yerren, J.; Condom, T.Los manglares en el norte del Perú se encuentran concentrados principalmente en la desembocadura de la cuenca binacional Puyango-Tumbes (Perú y Ecuador) y la cuenca Zarumilla. El presente estudio cuantificó y caracterizó la producción de sedimentos (SY) en ambas cuencas tropicales; basándose en información de la estación hidrosedimentológica El Tigre que delimita 4708 km2 (entre 22 y 3875 msnm) y la estación Palmales, que monitorea 639 km2 (entre 42 y 1242 msnm) de la cuenca Zarumilla. La campaña de monitoreo a una alta frecuencia en la cuenca de Zarumilla mostro una alta correlación entre la el caudal sólido y líquido instantáneo. Por otra parte el análisis de la base de datos en la estación El Tigre permitió la construcción de las curvas de gasto líquido (Q) y sólido (Qs). La cuantificación de la SY para los años observados (2004-2012) fluctúa entre 0.47x106 y 9.5x106 t.año-1 , encontrándose un promedio multianual de 1.6x106 t.año-1. El caudal sólido específico (SSY) promedio es 340 t.km-2 .año-1 , del cual el 92% va a ser transportado durante el periodo de lluvias (Ene-Abr), 7% durante transición (May-Jun, Nov-Dic) y solo1% durante el estiaje (Jul-Oct). A ello podemos agregar que durante años normales el 38% del SSY es transportado por caudales entre 300 a 500 m3 .s-1. Finalmente, se estimó el caudal sólido para el periodo 1963-2004 a partir de la curva de gasto sólido (Qs=F(Q)); los resultados muestran que para escenarios similares a los mega Niños del 1982-83 y 1997-98 la SY podría fluctuar entre 5400 a 9721 t.km-2 .año-1 respectivamente (entre 16 y 29 veces más que un año normal), dichas cifras marcarían una de las tasas de erosión más críticas a nivel mundial.Item Restricted Magnitude and frequency of the suspended sediment fluxes from the Central Andes to the Pacific Ocean(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2013-11) Morera Julca, Sergio Byron; Espinoza, Jhan Carlo; Takahashi, Ken; Condom, T.; Guyot, J. -L.; Vauchel, P.; Desiderio, A.; Grover, O.; Salinas, F.; Galvez, C.; Collas, M.; Santini, W.Diapositivas presentadas en la 5ta Reunión científica de l’ORE HYBAM "Hydroclimatologie et Biogéochimie des eaux des Andes à l’Amazonie", llevado a acabo del 7 al 11 de octubre de 2013 - La Paz (Bolivia).Item Open Access Pertinent spatio-temporal scale of observation to understand suspended sediment yield control factors in the Andean region: the case of the Santa River (Peru)(European Geosciences Union (EGU), 2013-11-26) Morera Julca, Sergio Byron; Condom, T.; Vauchel, P.; Guyot, J. -L.; Galvez, C.; Crave, A.Hydro-sedimentology development is a great challenge in Peru due to limited data as well as sparse and confidential information. This study aimed to quantify and to understand the suspended sediment yield from the west-central Andes Mountains and to identify the main erosion-control factors and their relevance. The Tablachaca River (3132 km2) and the Santa River (6815 km²), located in two adjacent Andes catchments, showed similar statistical daily rainfall and discharge variability but large differences in specific suspended-sediment yield (SSY). In order to investigate the main erosion factors, daily water discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) datasets of the Santa and Tablachaca rivers were analysed. Mining activity in specific lithologies was identified as the major factor that controls the high SSY of the Tablachaca (2204 t km² yr⁻¹), which is four times greater than the Santa's SSY. These results show that the analysis of control factors of regional SSY at the Andes scale should be done carefully. Indeed, spatial data at kilometric scale and also daily water discharge and SSC time series are needed to define the main erosion factors along the entire Andean range.Item Open Access Spatio-temporal assessment of WRF, TRMM and in situ precipitation data in a tropical mountain environment (Cordillera Blanca, Peru)(European Geosciences Union (EGU), 2016-01-18) Mourre, L.; Condom, T.; Junquas, Clémentine; Lebel, T.; Sicart, J. E.; Figueroa, R.; Cochachin, A.The estimation of precipitation over the broad range of scales of interest for climatologists, meteorologists and hydrologists is challenging at high altitudes of tropical regions, where the spatial variability of precipitation is important while in situ measurements remain scarce largely due to operational constraints. Three different types of rainfall products – ground based (kriging interpolation), satellite derived (TRMM3B42), and atmospheric model outputs (WRF – Weather Research and Forecasting) – are compared for 1 hydrological year in order to retrieve rainfall patterns at timescales ranging from sub-daily to annual over a watershed of approximately 10 000 km² in Peru. An ensemble of three different spatial resolutions is considered for the comparison (27, 9 and 3 km), as long as well as a range of timescales (annual totals, daily rainfall patterns, diurnal cycle). WRF simulations largely overestimate the annual totals, especially at low spatial resolution, while reproducing correctly the diurnal cycle and locating the spots of heavy rainfall more realistically than either the ground-based KED or the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) products. The main weakness of kriged products is the production of annual rainfall maxima over the summit rather than on the slopes, mainly due to a lack of in situ data above 3800 m a. s. l. This study also confirms that one limitation of TRMM is its poor performance over ice-covered areas because ice on the ground behaves in a similar way as rain or ice drops in the atmosphere in terms of scattering the microwave energy. While all three products are able to correctly represent the spatial rainfall patterns at the annual scale, it not surprisingly turns out that none of them meets the challenge of representing both accumulated quantities of precipitation and frequency of occurrence at the short timescales (sub-daily and daily) required for glacio-hydrological studies in this region. It is concluded that new methods should be used to merge various rainfall products so as to make the most of their respective strengths.