Zhu, QingyuLei, JiuhouLuan, XiaoliDou, Xiankang2018-11-202018-11-202016-02-12Zhu, Q., Lei, J., Luan, X., & Dou, X. (2016). Contribution of the topside and bottomside ionosphere to the total electron content during two strong geomagnetic storms.==$Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121$==(3), 2475-2488. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022111http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12816/3752In this study, the ionospheric observations from ionosondes, GPS receivers, and incoherent scatter radars (ISR) at low and middle latitudes were used to investigate the contribution of the bottomside and topside ionosphere to the total electron content (TEC) during the September 2005 and December 2006 geomagnetic storms. It was found that the contribution of the bottomside TEC below F2 peak (BTEC) to the ionosonde ionospheric TEC (ionosonde ITEC), namely, BTEC/ITEC was almost constant during both quiet and storm times, while the ratio of BTEC to GPS TEC (i.e., BTEC/GPS‐TEC) underwent obvious diurnal variations at all stations. The BTEC/GPS‐TEC during the positive phase was similar to that during quiet time, regardless of the formation mechanisms of the observed positive phases. Moreover, our analysis revealed that the ISR calculated BTEC/ITEC during positive ionospheric phases was comparable to that during quiet time. This suggests that the positive phases in these two events mainly occurred around the F2 peak height. There were large differences between the calculated BTEC/ITEC from the ISR observations and BTEC/GPS‐TEC during the negative phase or at night when the plasmasphere possibly contributed significantly to the TEC in the relative sense. Although the absolute changes of the topside TEC were larger than the bottomside TEC at low and middle latitudes associated with the larger topside effective ionospheric thickness, unlike the October 2003 superstorms, the relative changes of the topside TEC to the quiet time reference in these two strong storms were not greater than the changes of the bottomside TEC and peak density NmF2.application/pdfenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccessTopside ionosphereIonospheric stormTEC contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.01Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physicshttps://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022111