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Item Open Access Clustering and data reduction algorithm applied to spectra measured with a multi-static HF sounding system in Peru(2023 CEDAR Workshop, 2023-06) Vásquez, V.; Milla, M.; Kuyeng, Karim; Gonzales, J.; Scipión, DannyThe HF radar is a network of HF radio beacons and receivers for ionospheric sounding, and it has been operating in Peru since 2016. The purpose of this instrument is to measure the group delay, Doppler shift, power, and other parameters in order to estimate the regional plasma density as a function of space and time. This information is crucial for forecasting the occurrence of Spread-F. To improve the quality of the spectral data, two changes were made. The first one involved transmitting frequencies separated by 3.3 Hz in each transmission station, which allowed to spectrally separate and identify the signals coming from a given station, displacing the cross-talk in frequency but not eliminating it. Therefore, the second change was made, which corresponds to the development of an algorithm that extracts only the signals of interest from the measured spectrum. It is capable of detecting clusters of data in the spectra classifying them as coherent echoes, while noise sectors are discarded. The algorithm procedure and the comparisons of the spectra and final data are shown in this work.Item Open Access Crowdsourcing ionogram scaling: a citizen science project(Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, 2021-06) Ccanto, Stephany; Vilchez, Amanda; Girón, Marie; Strobbe, Alessandro; Moyna, Shermely; Rojas, EnriqueCitizen science (CS) is defined as a form of research collaboration or data gathering performed by non-experts or untrained individuals. CS projects benefit scientists by providing resources for data processing, gathering, pattern recognition, etc. On the other hand, for volunteers, CS represents the democratization of science, and the opportunity to be involved in local issues as well as a strong public education aspect. In this work, we will use zoouniverse.org to create a CS project using data from Jicamarca Radio Observatory’s ionosonde. Participants will use a built-in draw tool to identify the ordinary and extraordinary lines from an ionogram power image, which then can be used for parameter estimation. Furthermore, we will describe our plans for data management and public engagement. We hope this work will motivate our community to use CS projects both as a scientific and an outreach approach.Item Open Access Daytime vertical and zonal velocities from 150-km echoes over Jicamarca(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Radio Observatorio de Jicamarca, 2004-06-27) Chau Chong Shing, Jorge Luis; Woodman Pollitt, Ronald Francisco; Scipión, DannyDoppler velocities of 150-km echoes represents the vertical ExB drift velocities at F region altitudes. 150-km observations represent and excelent mean of monitoring the electric fields at equatorial latitudes. Low power observations of 150-km echoes using the JULIA system have been carried out almost continuosly since August 2001 at Jicamarca [e.g., Anderson et al., 2004]. Most of the observations have been done pointing perpendiculat to the magnetic fiel (B) in the magnetic meridian, allowing the measurement of the vertical component of the ExB drift.Item Open Access Development of a radiofrequency signal generator for ionosonde radar transmitter using low-cost SDR(2023 SWOL Workshop, 2023-10) Estalla, B.; Milla, M.; Verastegui, J.; Espinoza, J.; Scipión, DannyThe Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) is an Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) facility, dedicated to monitor the upper atmosphere with different instruments such as radars, GNSS receivers, magnetometers, among others. Ionosonde is a type of HF radar that uses multiple frequencies to survey the ionosphere and obtain estimates of electron density. In this poster we present the development of a low-cost radiofrequency signal generator for a ionosonde radar transmitter based on the Red Pitaya development board with a sampling frequency of 250 Msps, and the ability to transmit modulated signals with a frequency sweep ranging from 1 MHz to 60 MHz, providing the possibility of using it with other CW radars.Item Open Access Development of JROMAG-M103 magnetometer for geomagnetism studies in Peru(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2021-06) Rojas, Ricardo; Veliz, OscarSince 2007 a three-axis fluxgate magnetometer has been in development and under continuous improvement at Jicamarca Radio Observatory of the Geophysical Institute of Peru. It is based on the Fluxgate Mag-03 magnetic detector by Bartington Instruments. The JROMAG-M103 was developed to meet specific requirements of sensitivity, resolution, robustness, among others. This magnetometer, called JROMAG-M103, is being used in several geomagnetic monitoring networks, from different research institutions in South America. This poster presents the design aspects and technical specifications of the magnetometer and introduces further improvements that will be included in future versions.Item Open Access Development of the new Jicamarca Acquisition Radar System: JARS(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2010) Abad, Rita; Inoñán, M.; Yanque, R.; Chau Chong Shing, Jorge LuisThe need for high-precision radar measurements of the upper atmosphere has motivated the development of new acquisition systems at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO). Digital receivers have replaced the old analog receivers, providing higher dynamic range, faster sampling rates, and more flexibility in configuration. At JRO, off-the-shelf Digitals Receivers (Echotek GC214) are used, but they are not as flexible as we need, so we decided to develop our own digital receiver system. The first prototype we built was a two-channel data acquisition system (REX-2X). The system was finished in 2008 and it has been used to modernize the SOUSY radar at Jicamarca. In 2009, after the experience gained from REX-2X, a new project was started. An eight-channel acquisition system named JARS (Jicamarca Acquisition Radar System) was designed.Item Open Access Diseño de un sistema de adquisición de 08 canales para aplicaciones de estudio atmosférico(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2010) Abad, Rita; Inoñan, MarcosEl interés por el estudio de la atmósfera ha generado el desarrollo de un sistema de radar cada vez mas sotisficado. Actualmente, los radares operan con un sistema de adquisición basado en receptores digitales, los cuales superan en ventajas a los receptores analógicos, además del ahorro de espacio pues un receptor digital es un circuito integrado DSP. Debido a las características de los receptores digitales se logra diseñar un sistema de adquisición multicanal, el cual por las diferentes opciones a realizar se opta por utilizar dispositivos lógicos programables CPLD’s, los cuales están encargados de la lógica de control del sistema. El sistema tiene un protocolo el cual rige el software, el firmware y hardware, para una comunicación entre el sistema de adquisición y el usuario. Elsistema "Jicamarca Acquisition Radar System" (JARS) transfiere sus datos a una computadora por medio de una tarjeta de Adquisición NIDAQ-6534 de National Instruments, para ello, NI ofrece un conjunto de librerías en lenguaje C para el desarrollo de aplicaciones que la puedan controlar . El programa de adquisición se desarrolló en lenguaje C++ usando el entorno de Visual Studio 2008.Item Open Access Diurnal and semidiurnal tides in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere over the central coast of Peru(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2021-06) Suclupe, J.; Milla, Marco; He, M.; Chau, J. L.It has been over a year since measurements of mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) winds have been obtained with the SIMONe Peru radar. This modern multistatic specular meteor radar, placed on the central coast of Peru, has its transmitter located at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (11.95° S, 76.87° W, dip angle 1°). This work will show some results of the climatology of diurnal and semidiurnal tides obtained from the analysis of zonal and meridional mean winds that have been estimated at heights between 80-100 km using one year of data (Nov 2019 - Oct 2020). The monthly and seasonal variation of tide amplitudes will be described. From the results we have seen that diurnal tides are more intense than semidiurnal tides, which is typical at low latitudes and that diurnal tide is more intense in August and September. These and others results will also be described in this work.Item Open Access Equatorial zonal electric fields during the 2002-2003 sudden stratospheric warming event(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2009) Olson, Michael E.; Fejer, B. G.; Stolle, C.; Chau Chong Shing, Jorge Luis; Goncharenko, L. P.For nearly fifty years, the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (11.95°S, 76.87°W, 2°N dip latitude) near Lima, Peru, has measured ionospheric plasma drifts. Over the last ten years, measurements of plasma drift velocities have also been measured using radar observations of the equatorial 150 km altitude región (Kudeki and Fawcett, 1993; Chau and Woodman, 2004).Item Open Access Estimation of spectral parameters from oblique Equatorial Electrojet echoes using a double skewed Gaussian model at JRO(2023 CEDAR Workshop, 2023) Flores, Roberto; Milla, M.; Kuyeng, Karim; Hysell, D.L.; Chau, J.L.Coherent echoes from the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) region are detected at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) by using an array of 16 Yagi antennas with a main beam pointed obliquely to the west with an elevation of about 35 deg. The spectrum of these observations are composed of two types of EEJ echoes (Type I and Type II)[1] from which we can estimate their main spectral parameters such as Doppler shift and spectral width independently for each type. Previously, the method applied to obtain these parameters was a standard fitting approach based on a double Gaussian model. However, in some cases, the shape of the spectral measurements are not symmetric (resembling the shape of a skewed distribution). Based on simulations, we determined that the skewed shape of the oblique EEJ spectrum comes from the fact that the measured spectrum is the result of the sum of spectral contributions coming from different heights, with different Doppler shifts and spectral widths weighted by the antenna beam shape. The overall result is an asymmetric spectrum with a peak that does not coincide with the average Doppler shift. Thus in order to account for this effect, we have implemented a double skewed Gaussian distribution model to fit the oblique EEJ measurements and estimate their spectral parameters. In this work, we present the results obtained in the simulation showing the skewed shape of the spectrum. Based on our simulations, we have also proved that the shift of the skewed Gaussian model can be interpreted as the Doppler shift of the echoes. In addition, some examples of the new fitting procedure are shown in comparison with the classical Gaussian fitting where it can be seen the better agreement between the data and the double skewed Gaussian model.Item Open Access Evaluation of topside equatorial spread F spectra estimators using Monte Carlo simulations(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2008) Galindo, F. R.; Kuyeng, K. M.; Chau Chong Shing, Jorge Luis; Hysell, D. L.Radar observations typically employ periodic pulses to study any target. This scheme allows a simple processing of the data but the results frequently shows range or frequency aliasing. In order to solve this problem Uppala and Sahr [1] introduced the aperiodic technique (AT) in the radio science community. The AT is based on transmitting pulses at non uniform intervals and allows to study moderately overspread targets. Some equatorial Spread F (ESF) echoes belong to this category, particularly those from the topside. Using this idea Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) has done a couple of experiments to study ESF echoes. Chau et al [2] used the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to compute spectra from those experiments and developed some criteria to remove clutter due to the aperiodic sequence. A second scheme of work was introduced by Hysell et al [3] and this scheme uses a Bayesian method to compute the spectra. Continuing this line of research a Monte Carlo simulations of typical echoes from equatorial ionospheric irregularities as well as ground clutter has been done to evaluate different aperiodic pulsing and inversion techniques to estimate the spectra or its corresponding AutoCorrelation Function (ACF). Our main objective is the estimation of the moderately overspread topside equatorial spread F (ESF) spectra. The optimal spectra estimators combined with radar imaging techniques might represent the unique means to estimate the irregularity power and energy spectral density versus wavenumber from the ground.Item Open Access Exploration of machine learning tools developed for the study of space weather and its impact on position approximation in GNSS systems(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2021-06) Fajardo, G.; Pacheco, Edgardo E.The equatorial ionosphere has been extensively studied using purely physical models, however in recent years, with a large amount of data, it has been possible to improve these models using machine learning techniques. In this paper, we share the research results aimed to evaluate the influence of space weather parameters on GPS position approximation. We evaluated data from the Huancayo GPS station between 2016 and 2020 and we have taken into account the space weather data from the OMNI website, scintillation index (S4) and position data obtained from the GPS of the LISN network to perform our model. In addition, we use tropospheric conditions provided by the Geophysical Institute of Peru (IGP). The final result is a reliability matrix obtained with an XG Boost algorithm that will allow us to evaluate if a GPS signal given the conditions is indeed reliable or not.Item Open Access Exploring the correlation between ionospheric scintillation and GNSS positioning error near the magnetic equator using machine learning techniques(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2020-06) Fajardo, G.; Pacheco, Edgardo E.Ionospheric scintillations are a common phenomenon in the equatorial ionosphere. This phenomenon directly affects the position estimated by GNSS receivers degrading the quality of the radio signals; however, the quantification of the positioning error contributed by the ionosphere over the Peruvian sector has not been studied in detail. In this work, algorithms are being implemented that will allow us to identify and classify amplitude scintillation (S4) levels, we have worked with data from the Huancayo Observatory for the period December 2016-February 2017 obtained from LISN, this data has been plotted to analyze the spatial and temporal occurrence, and to analyze the occurrence of S4 as a function of other space weather variables obtained from OMNI2. The machine learning algorithms were decision tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neuronal Network (NN). Decision tree was implemented as a filtering method, support vector machine for clustering and neuronal network to generate time series in forecasting. This paper shows the initial part of an investigation that aims to correlate qualitatively and quantitatively the occurrence of amplitude scintillations (S4) with errors in the position estimation of GNSS receivers, once the correlation between S4 and position error has been quantified, it may be possible to predict the error by predicting S4.Item Open Access Implementation of an Ionospheric Echoes Receiver using an SDR with GNU Radio to obtain vertical and oblique ionograms(2023 CEDAR Workshop, 2023-06) Tupac, Isaac; Milla, M.; Valladares, C.E.; Espinoza, J.C.; De la Jara, César; Arboleda, E.; Belleza, A.; Vila, N.; Scipión, DannyThe Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) operates a vertical incidence pulsed ionospheric radar (VIPIR) dedicated to probing the equatorial ionosphere. This high-resolution system runs 24/7 and complements the suite of observations performed at JRO. As the VIPIR ionosonde operates with a wide beam antenna and reflected signals are dispersed at distances far as 1500 km, we have designed, built, and installed four new VIPIR receivers dedicated to oblique sounding. These receivers increase and expand the system's field of view and enable unique measurements, yielding new scientific results. This poster describes the Ionospheric Echoes Receiver (IER) by listing its components and detailing the different parts of the hardware and software elements. The receivers use a USRP N200 by Ettus and an acquisition flowgraph implemented in GNU Radio Companion. In addition, we present the OOT (Out Of Tree block), which generates the demodulation signal and changes its frequency value each Inter Pulsed Period. We also show preliminary displays of the vertical and oblique ionograms acquired using the Jicamarca VIPIR and the new receivers.Item Open Access Initial design of a GNU radio interface for the new version of the Jicamarca Acquisition Radar System (JARS 2.0)(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2020-06) Tupac, Isaac; Rojas, John; Verástegui, Joaquín; Espinoza, Juan Carlos; Milla, MarcoIn this poster the initial design of a new software interface to control the novel ethernet based radar acquisition system JARS 2.0 of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory is presented. This interface will be implemented using the open-source software development toolkit GNU Radio; which besides controlling the JARS 2.0, it will obtain the acquired data for its further processing. The aim of the project, although in its development stage, will be to use the benefits of the GNU Radio to process, plot and even save the data in an standard way.Item Open Access Ionospheric effects of recent stratospheric sudden warmings(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2011) Goncharenko, L.; Coster, A.; Chau Chong Shing, Jorge Luis; Valladares, C. E.Recent studies have shown large variations in low-latitude ionospheric parameters occurring after stratospheric sudden warming events. We use observations of vertical ion drift from Jicamarca ISR and GPS total electron content data in the Western Hemisphere for winters of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 to illustrate main features of ionospheric changes related to stratospheric sudden warmings. The common feature in all events is the increase in the electron density during the morning hours and the decrease in the afternoon, related to amplification of 12-hour signature in low-latitude vertical ion drifts. This feature persists for several days after the peak in stratospheric temperature. The observed phenomena is related to quasistationary planetary waves, which have a high amplitude level prior to the stratospheric warmings. Non-linear interaction of planetary waves with tides leading to increase in tidal amplitudes in the low latitude lower thermosphere and modulation of E-region electric field with subsequent mapping to the F-region is thought to be the primary mechanism responsible for the observed ionospheric response. We investigate the characteristics of ionospheric oscillations with planetary wave periods between 2 and 30 days and in a wide range of latitudes in context of variations in stratospheric parameters.Item Open Access Ionospheric variations during January 2009 stratospheric sudden warming(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2009) Goncharenko, L.; Coster, A.; Rideout, W.; Chau Chong Shing, Jorge Luis; Liu, H. -L.; Valladares, C. E.The stratospheric sudden warming peaking in January 2009 was the strongest and most prolonged on record. We report significant ionospheric variations is association with this event, which are especially pronounced at low latitudes. Large increase in the vertical drifts is observed at Jicamarca, displaying 12-hour signature with upward drifts in the morning hours and downward drifts in the afternoon hours, with pattern persisting for several days. Analysis of GPS TEC data indicates that variations in electron density are observed in a large range of longitudes and latitudes. The entire daytime ionosphere is affected, with morning increase in low-latitude TEC exceeding 100% of the mean value, and afternoon decrease in TEC approaching ~50% of the mean value. These variations are consistent with ionospheric disturbances observed during other stratospheric warming events. We suggest the observed phenomena is related to planetary waves, which have a high amplitude level prior to the stratospheric warmings. Interaction of planetary waves with tides and modulation of tides can lead to changes in the low-latitude electric field through the wind dynamo process, which in turn is responsible for a largescale redistribution of ionospheric electron density.Item Open Access JRO digital receiver modernization using ADCs with high-speed JESD204B data interface and FPGAs(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2021-06) Verastegui, J.; Rojas, J.; Tupac, I.; Caceres, D.; Gonzales, L.The latest data acquisition system running at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory for the main radar has been used for more than five years now. Although there are no major inconveniences on the performance there have been some problems with internal interferences which are usually unpredictable and related to the PCB design, the noise floor can be different between channels too. So there are some chances of improvement developing a new approach. We propose a new design based on a high speed JESD204B data interface; the digital signal processing and custom acquisition logic will be implemented inside an FPGA capable of managing the JESD204B high-speed interface. This will give us the flexibility of implementing digital blocks inside the FPGA to improve the performance of the receivers, we will gain scalability to perform on a much higher bandwidth and the PCB will be very much simplified which will reduce the manufacturing costs, design time, and development time.Item Open Access Jupiter's synchrotron radiation at 50 MHZ measured by the large 50MHZ Jicamarca array(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2013-05) Woodman Pollitt, Ronald Francisco; Villanueva R., FernandoJupiter radiates electromagnetic radiation in a broad spectrum. We are concerned here with the center part, usually referred as the decimetric radiation, a relatively flat part of the spectrum going from about 39.5 MHz merging into the thermal radiation at about 4GHz. The source of this radiation is synchrotron radiation emitted by energetic electrons, trapped in Jupiter's Van Allen radiation belt, gyrating around its magnetic field. The flux density of this radiation has been measured at many frequencies, the lowest being at around 80 MHZ.Item Open Access LISN network: tools for GPS data processing and managing(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2013) Espinoza, Juan C.; Valladares, CesarThe LISN network includes several GPS receivers installed around South America as a distributed observatory with the purpose of study the ionospheric phenomena. All of these receivers send data every 15 minutes to a central server located at Lima – Peru.