Browsing by Author "Suárez Salas, Luis"
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Item Open Access Analysis of extreme meteorological events in the central Andes of Peru using a set of specialized instruments(MDPI, 2021-03-21) Flores Rojas, José Luis; Silva Vidal, Yamina; Suárez Salas, Luis; Estevan, René; Valdivia Prado, Jairo Michael; Saavedra Huanca, Miguel; Giráldez, Lucy; Piñas-Laura, Manuel; Scipión, Danny; Milla, Marco; Kumar, Shailendra; Martínez Castro, DanielA set of instruments to measure several physical, microphysical, and radiative properties of the atmosphere and clouds are essential to identify, understand and, subsequently, forecast and prevent the effects of extreme meteorological events, such as severe rainfall, hailstorms, frost events and high pollution events, that can occur with some regularity in the central Andes of Peru. However, like many other Latin American countries, Peru lacks an adequate network of meteorological stations to identify and analyze extreme meteorological events. To partially remedy this deficiency, the Geophysical Institute of Peru has installed a set of specialized sensors (LAMAR) on the Huancayo observatory (12.04º S, 75.32º W, 3350 m ASL), located in the Mantaro river basin, which is a part of the central Andes of Peru, especially in agricultural areas. LAMAR consists of a set of sensors that are used to measure the main atmosphere and soil variables located in a 30-meter-high tower. It also has a set of high-quality radiation sensors (BSRN station) that helps measure the components of short-wave (SW) (global, diffuse, direct and reflected) and long-wave (LW) (emitted and incident) irradiance mounted in a 6-meter-high tower. Moreover, to analyze the microphysics properties of clouds and rainfall, LAMAR includes a set of profiler radars: A Ka-band cloud profiler (MIRA-35c), a UHF wind profiler (CLAIRE), and a VHF wind profiler (BLTR), along with two disdrometers (PARSIVEL2) and two rain gauges pluviometers. The present study performs a detailed dynamic and energetic analysis of two extreme rainfall events, two intense frost events, and three high-pollution events occurring on the Huancayo observatory between 2018 and 2019...Item Open Access Aporte cuantitativo de las fuentes de PM₁₀ y PM₂﹒₅ en sitios urbanos del Valle del Mantaro, Perú(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2020-10-30) Álvarez Tolentino, Daniel; Suárez Salas, LuisLas partículas atmosféricas (PM₁₀ y PM₂.₅) son responsables de serios problemas en la salud humana. Por ello, este estudio determina el aporte cuantitativo de las fuentes de ambos tipos de partículas en las principales ciudades del Valle del Mantaro, ubicadas en la parte central del Perú. Se analizan los datos obtenidos en la campaña de monitoreo mensual de los centros urbanos de Jauja, Concepción y Huancayo, desde julio de 2007 hasta octubre de 2008. Para el monitoreo se empleó un muestreador de bajo volumen (modelo Partisol). La composición química elemental fue obtenida por fluorescencia de rayos X y se les aplicó el análisis de componentes principales con rotación varimax y análisis de componentes principales absoluto. Los agrupamientos de los elementos químicos fueron contrastados con el factor de enriquecimiento y análisis de conglomerados jerárquico. Los resultados mostraron que las PM₁₀ y PM₂.₅ fueron significativamente mayores en Huancayo (p < 0.05), zona urbana donde se superó el Estándar de Calidad Ambiental para Aire (ECA) de la legislación peruana, para ambos tamaños de partículas. Se determinaron trazadores de fuentes naturales y antrópicas. En total se detectaron cinco fuentes de emisión para los sitios urbanos del Valle del Mantaro: polvo del suelo (Al, Ca, Si, Fe, Ti, Mn y K), quema de biomasa (Cl, Br, K), vehículos (Cu, Zn, Cl, Cr), combustible-aceite (Ni) y fundición (Pb, Zn, As y Cu), siendo el polvo del suelo la principal fuente de aporte de PM₁₀ y PM₂.₅.Item Restricted Atmospheric black carbon observations and its valley-mountain dynamics: Eastern cordillera of the central Andes of Peru(Elsevier, 2024-08-15) Villalobos-Puma, Elver; Suárez Salas, Luis; Gillardoni, Stefania; Zubieta Barragán, Ricardo; Martínez Castro, Daniel; Miranda-Corzo, Andrea; Bonasoni, Paolo; Silva Vidal, YaminaGlacial bodies in the Peruvian Andes Mountains store and supply freshwater to hundreds of thousands of people in central Peru. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) is known to accelerate melting of snow and ice, in addition to contributing to air pollution and the health of people. Currently there is limited understanding on the sources and temporal variability of BC in valley and mountain environments in Peru. To address this problem, this study combined surface observations of BC collected during 2022–2023 with WRF model simulations and HYSPLIT trajectories to analyze the dispersion and sources of BC in valley and high elevation environments and the associated local atmospheric circulations. Results show high BC concentrations are associated with the valley-mountain wind system that occurs on both sides of the Huaytapallana mountain range. A pronounced circulation occurs on the western slopes of Huaytapallana when concentrations of BC increase during daylight hours, which transports atmospheric pollutants from cities in the Mantaro River Valley to the Huaytapallana mountain range. Low concentrations of BC are associated with circulations from the east that are channeled by the pronounced ravines of the Andes-Amazon transition. On average, during the season of highest BC concentrations (July–November), the relative contributions of fossil fuels are dominant to biomass burning at the valley observatory and are slightly lower at the Huaytapallana observatory. These results demonstrate the need to promote mitigation actions to reduce emissions of BC and air pollution associated with forest fires and local anthropogenic activity.Item Open Access Caracterización química del material particulado atmosférico del centro urbano de Huancayo, Perú(Sociedad Química del Perú, 2017) Suárez Salas, Luis; Álvarez Tolentino, Daniel; Bendezú, Yéssica; Pomalaya, JoséLa ciudad de Huancayo, ubicada en los Andes centrales del Perú, presenta problemas de calidad del aire, siendo el principal contaminante el material particulado (MP). Por ello, el objetivo del presente artículo fue caracterizar la composición química del MP atmosférico colectados en una estación ubicada en el centro urbano de Huancayo. Se colectó MP en agosto del 2007, y enero, abril y mayo del 2008 con un equipo de bajo volumen (PARTISOL FRM 2000) y filtros de 47 mm. Se determinó la concentración de partículas de tamaño hasta 10 μm (MP₁₀), partículas menores a 2,5 μm (MP₂,₅) y se analizó la composición química de hasta 38 elementos, mediante la técnica de fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF). Y en el caso del MP₂.₅ se analizó los iones: nitrato (NO₃⁻) y sulfato (SO₄⁼) y especies carbonáceas: carbono orgánico (COrg) y carbono elemental (CE). Los resultados de MP₁₀ (64,54 ±30,87 μg/m³) y MP₂,₅ (34,47 ±14,75 μg/m³) superaron la normativa anual de calidad del aire peruano, siendo el MP₂,₅ el que representa mayor abundancia en comparación a otras ciudades importantes. También se evidencia una mayor concentración de MP₁₀ y MP₂,₅ en periodo seco. La determinación de la composición química indicó que los elementos geológicos (8%), metales (12%) y metaloides (7%) fueron los componentes más abundantes en el MP₁₀ y los no metales (4%), iones (11%) y especies carbonáceas (44%) en el MP₂,₅. En conclusión este estudio confirma la problemática del MP en la ciudad de Huancayo, pero evidencia el mayor riesgo del MP₂,₅ a la salud de su población, siendo el sector transporte una de las fuentes de emisión más importantes.Item Open Access Chemical characterization of PM2.5 at rural and urban sites around the Metropolitan Area of Huancayo (Central Andes of Peru)(MDPI, 2019-01) Huamán De La Cruz, Alex; Bendezu Roca, Yessica; Suárez Salas, Luis; Pomalaya, José; Álvarez Tolentino, Daniel; Gioda, AdrianaThe purpose of this study was to determine PM₂.₅ mass concentration and the contents of trace elements and water-soluble ions in samples collected inside the Metropolitan area of Huancayo. Four monitoring stations were installed at three urban areas (UNCP, HYO, and CHI) and one rural (IGP). The sampling campaign was carried out from March 2017 to November 2017. The PM₂.₅ content was determined by gravimetric method, and fifteen trace elements (TE) and seven water-soluble ions were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. Datasets were assessed by one ANOVA test to detect significant differences among monitoring station. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied for source identification. The mean annual concentration of PM₂.₅ mass concentrations has ranged (average) from 3.4 to 36.8 µg/m³ (16.6 ± 6.8 µg/m³) for the monitoring stations under study. The annual World Health Organization thresholds and national air quality standards were exceeded. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between most trace elements at urban and rural areas. PCA and HCA illustrated that the most important sources of traces element originated of natural origin (soil re-suspension) and vehicular sources (fuel combustion, abrasion of vehicles tires, wear car components).Item Open Access Chemical composition and trajectories of atmospheric particles at the Machu Picchu Peruvian Antarctic scientific station (62.09° S, 58.47° W)(Universidad Autónoma de México, 2024-04-25) Álvarez-Tolentino, Daniel; Suárez Salas, Luis; Pomalaya-Valdez, José; Barja, BorisAntarctica is a remote and relatively pristine region, but the regional transport of aerosols may be a source of pollution, especially in the Antarctic Peninsula. Few studies have characterized atmospheric aerosols and evaluated the contribution of their emission sources. The Peruvian Antarctic research station Machu Pichu (ECAMP, by its Spanish acronym) is located on King George Island in the Antarctic Peninsula. During February 2020, atmospheric particulate mass (PM ₁₀ and PM ₂.₅) was sampled and analyzed to characterize its elemental composition and was supplemented by measurements of equivalent black carbon and aerosol size distributions. Chemical elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), multivariate techniques, and enrichment factors. The most abundant elements in PM ₁₀ and PM ₂.₅ were Na, Fe, Mg, and Si, with the most important local sources being marine (Na, Mg, Mn, Ca) and crustal (Fe, Al, P). Sources of weathering (Ba and Si) from glacial thawing and sources of combustion linked to the use of oil (V) and emission of black carbon were recorded. Air mass back-trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model helped identify external sources of particulate matter in the air masses reaching the ECAMP site. Overall, this study supports the growing evidence of the anthropogenic impact of distant and local sources on the white continent.Item Open Access Dataset on raindrop size distribution, raindrop fall velocity and precipitation data measured by disdrometers and rain gauges over Peruvian central Andes (12.0°S)(Elsevier, 2020-04) Valdivia Prado, Jairo Michael; Contreras, Kevin; Martínez Castro, Daniel; Villalobos Puma, Elver Edmundo; Suárez Salas, Luis; Silva Vidal, YaminaThis dataset includes data obtained at the Atmospheric Microphysics and Radiation Laboratory (LAMAR) of the Huancayo Observatory (12.04° S, 75.32° W, 3313 m ASL). Two Parsivel2 and two tipping bucket rain gauges are used in this dataset which are operating together since 2018. Data is given in NetCDF format, including two types of files, one NetCDF for precipitation totals and another which contains Parsivel2 data. This data set was collected in the complex topography conditions of the tropical Andes, and its potential use is to study the microphysics of orographic rainfall, atmospheric models and rainfall estimation algorithms.Item Open Access Dispersión de material particulado 2.5 emitido por pollerías usando el modelo AERMOD en Huancayo Metropolitano, Perú(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2019) Lizarraga-Isla, Irving Jesus; Pomalaya-Valdez, José Eduardo; Suárez Salas, Luis; Bendezu-Roca, YessicaEl presente estudio realizo la dispersión de PM2.5 emitidos por pollerías en Huancayo Metropolitano. Se utilizaron datos topográficos de 30 metros de resolución, datos meteorológicos superficiales y verticales de enero a diciembre del 2017 y características de la fuente como concentraciones de emisión de PM2.5 de pollerías. Para la determinar la eficiencia del modelo AERMOD en la dispersión de PM2.5 se instalaron estaciones de monitoreo de calidad de aire en tres áreas urbanas de Huancayo Metropolitano (UNCP, HYO y CHI), la campaña de muestreo se llevó a cabo de marzo a noviembre del 2017. Los resultados, identificaron la asociación de la dirección y velocidad del viento con la dispersión de PM2.5 y que las concentraciones obtenidas por el modelo AERMOD subestimaron con las obtenidas de las estaciones de monitoreo de calidad de aire, esto debido a que se modelo solo pollerías y no de otras aportaciones de fuentes de emisión. AERMOD provee buenas opciones para modelar dispersión de contaminantes del aire en regiones de montaña para gestión de la calidad del aire.Item Restricted First two and a half years of aerosol measurements with an AERONET sunphotometer at the Huancayo Observatory, Peru(Elsevier, 2019-07) Estevan, René; Martínez Castro, Daniel; Suárez Salas, Luis; Moya Álvarez, Aldo Saturnino; Silva Vidal, YaminaDirect sun measurements with a CIMEL sunphotometer belonging to the AERONET network have been performed in the Huancayo Observatory, Peru, from March 2015 to August 2017, two and a half years, providing for the first time information about aerosols in the specific area. The prevalence of background conditions in the measurement site has been determined for the period of study. These conditions, which constitute more than 80% of cases, are occasionally altered, mainly by high aerosols loading, as a consequence of biomass-burning events. Biomass-burning periods cover every year from mid-July to mid-October. The identification of these periods has been possible through the classification of aerosols in 6 subtypes. The month with the maximum AOD monthly average is September, and in 2016, the absolute maximum value of 0.91 was registered. The mean AOD value for the study period is 0.10 ± 0.07 and the alpha mean value is 1.49 ± 0.36, indicating presence, of small size aerosols. Some aerosol optical properties were analyzed in order to validate the aerosol classification. The aerosol size distribution revealed a bimodal character with a slight predominance of the fine mode, related to the two main types of aerosols: continental and biomass.Item Open Access Identificación de tipos de aerosoles en el Observatorio de Huancayo, Perú, usando un fotómetro solar AERONET(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2020-03) Estevan, René; Martínez Castro, Daniel; Suárez Salas, Luis; Moya Álvarez, Aldo Saturnino; Silva Vidal, YaminaLos aerosoles en la atmósfera juegan un papel importante en la transferencia de radiación solar, ya que, dependiendo del tipo, pueden reflejar o dispersar dicha radiación. Cabe resaltar también que algunos aerosoles son nocivos para la salud humana. En el Observatorio de Huancayo se vienen realizando mediciones de aerosoles con un fotómetro solar perteneciente a la red AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) de la NASA. En este estudio se analizaron los datos desde marzo de 2015 hasta agosto de 2017, con el objetivo de evaluar los tipos de aerosoles y las regiones fuentes de los mismos. Se determinó la prevalencia de condiciones de fondo durante el período analizado. Estas condiciones, que constituyen más del 80 % de los casos, se alteran ocasionalmente debido a altas concentraciones de aerosoles generadas por la quema de biomasa que tienen lugar, no sólo en el Perú, sino también, en países vecinos. Se clasificaron los aerosoles en 6 subtipos permitiendo identificar los periodos de quema de biomasa desde mediados de julio a mediados de octubre, siendo el mes de setiembre donde se registran los máximos valores, tanto en media mensual como en máximo absoluto. Durante el año 2016 se registró el máximo absoluto de toda la serie temporal analizada.Item Open Access Influencia de El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) en la variación de la capa de ozono en la región andina central del Perú(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2021-06) Suárez Salas, LuisEl ENOS tiene una importante influencia en el sistema océano-atmósfera en la costa peruana. Entre estos factores también se han identificado alteraciones en la capa de ozono en la región tropical. Este trabajo evalúa el efecto que tiene sobre la variación de la capa de ozono registrada en la región Andina central. Mediante nueva instrumentación en tierra y sensores satelitales, se hace un primer avance presentando sus capacidades y limitaciones para identificar dicho efecto.Item Open Access Observaciones para la investigación en física atmosférica en los Andes centrales del Perú: Laboratorio de Microfísica Atmosférica y Radiación (LAMAR)(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2024-02) Silva Vidal, Yamina; Saavedra Huanca, Miguel; Suárez Salas, Luis; Estevan, René; Flores Rojas, José Luis; Guizado, David; Giráldez, LucyEl Laboratorio de Microfísica Atmosférica y Radiación (LAMAR), implementado en el Observatorio Geofísico de Huancayo del Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) y ubicado en los Andes centrales peruanos, es un recurso esencial para la investigación, monitoreo y generación de capacidades en temas relacionados con la atmósfera y su interacción con la superficie terrestre en los Andes peruanos. LAMAR, establecido con el propósito de generar información que permita comprender los procesos físicos asociados a los eventos meteorológicos extremos, cuenta con una variedad de instrumentos, desde los convencionales hasta los sofisticados, como los radares meteorológicos, los sensores de radiación, precipitación y aerosoles. Los datos generados por LAMAR han contribuido a mejorar el conocimiento sobre los procesos físicos de la atmósfera en los Andes, lo cual ayuda a mejorar los modelos de predicción del tiempo en el Perú, así como el conocimiento sobre los aerosoles atmosféricos y su impacto en la radiación solar. Sin duda, la información recopilada en LAMAR representa un recurso único en el contexto peruano y pronto estará al alcance de la comunidad científica y académica. En este artículo presentamos los instrumentos más relevantes de LAMAR, así como las publicaciones que se generaron en torno a ellos, con el propósito de incentivar futuras investigaciones y colaboraciones científicas.Item Open Access Observational characterization and empirical modeling of global, direct and diffuse solar irradiances at the Peruvian central Andes(Frontiers Media, 2024-08-12) Fashé-Raymundo, Octavio; Flores-Rojas, José Luis; Estevan-Arredondo, René; Giráldez-Solano, Lucy; Suárez Salas, Luis; Sanabria-Pérez, Elias; Abi Karam, Hugo; Silva Vidal, YaminaThe present study aims to comprehensively assess the solar irradiance patterns in the western zone of the Mantaro Valley, a region of ecological and agricultural significance in the central Peruvian Andes. Leveraging radiation data from the Baseline surface Radiation Network (BSRN) sensors located in the Huancayo Geophysical Observatory (HYGO-12.04°S,75.32°W, 3350 masl) spanning from 2017 to 2022, the research delves into the seasonal variations and trends in surface solar irradiance components. Actually, the study investigates the diurnal and seasonal variations of solar irradiance components, namely diffuse (EDF), direct (EDR), and global (EG) irradiance. Results demonstrate distinct peaks and declines across seasons, with EDR and EDF exhibiting opposing seasonal trends, influencing the overall variability in, EG. Peaks of, EG occurred in spring (3.32 MJ m⁻² h⁻¹ at noon), particularly during October (24.14 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹), probably associated with biomass-burning periods and heightened aerosol optical depth (AOD). These findings highlight the impact of biomass-burning aerosols on solar radiation dynamics in the region. In general, the seasonal variability of, EG on the HYGO is lower than that observed in other regions of South America at higher latitudes and reach its maximums during spring months. Moreover, the research evaluates various irradiation models to establish correlations between sunshine hours, measured with a solid glass sphere heliograph, and, EG and EDF at different time scales, showing acceptable accuracy to predict. In addition, the sigmoid logistic function emerges as the most effective in correlating the hourly diffuse fraction and the hourly clearness index, showcasing superior performance compared to alternative functions and exhibiting strong statistical significance and providing valuable insights for future solar radiation forecasting and modeling efforts. This study offers valuable insights for solar radiation forecasting and modeling efforts, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary research for solar power generation, sustainable development and climate resilience in mountainous regions like the Peruvian Andes.Item Open Access Seasonal and diurnal cycles of surface boundary layer and energy balance in the Central Andes of Perú, Mantaro Valley(MDPI, 2019-12-05) Flores Rojas, José Luis; Cuxart, Joan; Piñas-Laura, Manuel; Callañaupa, Stephany; Suárez Salas, Luis; Kumar, Shailendra; Moya Álvarez, Aldo Saturnino; Silva Vidal, YaminaThe present study presents a detailed analysis of the diurnal and monthly cycles the surface boundary layer and of surface energy balance in a sparse natural vegetation canopy on Huancayo observatory (12.04◦ S, 75.32◦ W, 3313 m ASL), which is located in the central Andes of Perú (Mantaro Valley) during an entire year (May 2018–April 2019). We used a set of meteorological sensors (temperature, relative humidity, wind) installed in a gradient tower 30 m high, a set of radiative sensors to measure all irradiance components, and a set of tensiometers and heat flux plate to measure soil moisture, soil temperatures and soil heat flux. To estimate turbulent energy fluxes (sensible and latent), two flux–gradient methods: the aerodynamic method and the Bowen-ratio energy-balance method were used. The ground heat flux at surface was estimated using a molecular heat transfer equation. The results show minimum mean monthly temperatures and more stable conditions were observed in June and July before sunrise, while maximum mean monthly temperatures in October and November and more unstable conditions in February and March. From May to August inverted water vapor profiles near the surface were observed (more intense in July) at night hours, which indicate a transfer of water vapor as dewfall on the surface. The patterns of wind direction indicate well-defined mountain–valley circulation from south-east to south-west especially in fall–winter months (April–August). The maximum mean monthly sensible heat fluxes were found in June and September while minimum in February and March. Maximum mean monthly latent heat fluxes were found in February and March while minimum in June and July. The surface albedo and the Bowen ratio indicate semi-arid conditions in wet summer months and extreme arid conditions in dry winter months. The comparisons between sensible heat flux (QH) and latent heat flux (QE), estimated by the two methods show a good agreement (R² above 0.8). The comparison between available energy and the sum of QE and QH fluxes shows a good level of agreement (R² = 0.86) with important imbalance contributions after sunrise and around noon, probably by advection processes generated by heterogeneities on the surface around the Huancayo observatory and intensified by the mountain–valley circulation.Item Restricted Ultraviolet solar radiation in tropical central Andes (12.0°S)(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017) Suárez Salas, Luis; Flores Rojas, José Luis; Pereira Filho, Augusto José; Karam, Hugo A.Ultraviolet (UV) solar irradiance measurements at 1-min intervals performed in central Andes, Huancayo, Peru (12.0ºS, 75.3ºW, 3313 m asl) between January 2003 and December 2006, were used to analyze daily, monthly and annual cycles of UV solar irradiance. The measurements were performed with a GUV-511 multi-channel filter radiometer at four wavelengths: 305, 320, 340 and 380 nm. UV irradiance data under clear sky and all sky conditions were separated by a procedure based on calculation of normalized irradiance. In February, the highest hourly mean value at noon for the UV Index reached 18.8 for clear sky conditions and 15.5 for all sky conditions, with outlier peaks close to UVI=28. In addition, the highest mean value for daily erythemal dose was found also in February, reaching 7.5 KJ m⁻² d⁻¹ with a maximum outlier value close to 10.1 KJ m⁻² d⁻¹. Comparisons between clear sky GUV measurements and TUV model estimations were evaluated with statistical quantities showing values of R$^{2}$ around to 0.98. Total ozone column and trace gases were obtained from OMI. Aerosol parameters were obtained from MODIS. The enhancements of clouds of spectral irradiance at 340 nm referred to cloudless sky reach maxima of 20%. These results indicate that tropical central Andes has among the highest incident ultraviolet solar radiation in the world.Item Open Access Variación de sustancias húmicas de abonos orgánicos en cultivos de papa y maíz(Asociación Argentina de la Ciencia del Suelo, 2014) Janampa, Nélida; Quiñones, Angela; Suárez Salas, Luis; Chalco, YaninaLa materia orgánica del suelo (MOS) es una variable clave en la calidad del suelo, por lo que se precisa conocer sus diferentes procesos de descomposición que puede influenciar la fertilidad del suelo. Por ello, se evaluó la generación de sustancias húmicas mediante la incorporación de estiércoles de ovino, cuy y vacuno a cultivos de papa y maíz con dosis de 15 y 10 Mg ha⁻¹, respectivamente. El estudio se realizó en cuatro localidades. Se analizaron muestras de suelo antes de la incorporación de la materia orgánica y un día antes de la cosecha. Carbono orgánico se determinó en las sustancias húmicas por el método de Walkley-Black, y para la extracción y fraccionamiento de sustancias húmicas se aplicó el método de Kononova–Belchikova. Como producto del abonamiento, la MOS se incrementó en las parcelas de papa, destacando el tratamiento con estiércol de ovino en Santa Ana, excepto en el testigo (sin abonamiento) de El Mantaro y en todos los tratamientos de Huayao. Análogamente ocurre en las parcelas con maíz, resaltan los incrementos en más del 112% con estiércol de ovino y más de 90% con estiércol de cuy en Santa Ana. En cuanto a la evolución de los ácidos fúlvicos, ácidos húmicos y huminas, por lo general se incrementaron, pero descendieron en algunos; esta variación se debe a factores locales que condicionan la actividad biológica responsable de la descomposición de la MOS y su posterior mineralización. Las relaciones CAF/CAH fueron menores de 1, indicando evolución limitada de la MOS.