Browsing by Author "Espinoza, J. C."
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Item Open Access Rainfall control on Amazon sediment flux: synthesis from 20 years of monitoring(IOP Publishing, 2020-05-14) Armijos Cardenas, Elisa Natalia; Crave, A.; Espinoza, J. C.; Filizola, N.; Espinoza-Villar, R.; Ayes, I.; Fonseca, P.; Fraizy, P.; Gutierrez, O.; Vauchel, P.; Camenen, B.; Martiınez, J. M.; Dos Santos, A.; Santini, W.; Cochonneau, G.; Guyot, J. L.The biodiversity and productivity of the Amazon floodplain depend on nutrients and organic matter transported with suspended sediments. Nevertheless, there are still fundamental unknowns about how hydrological and rainfall variability influence sediment flux in the Amazon River. To address this gap, we analyzed 3069 sediment samples collected every 10 days during 1995–2014 at five gauging stations located in the main rivers. We have two distinct fractions of suspended sediments, fine (clay and silt) and coarse (sand), which followed contrasting seasonal and long-term patterns. By taking these dynamics into account, it was estimated, for first time, in the Amazon plain, that the suspended sediment flux separately measured approximately 60% fine and 40% coarse sediment. We find that the fine suspended sediments flux is linked to rainfall and higher coarse suspended sediment flux is related with discharge. Additionally this work presents the time lag between rainfall and discharge, which is related to the upstream area of the gauging. This result is an important contribution to knowledge of biological and geomorphological issues in Amazon basin.Item Restricted The forest effects on the isotopic composition of rainfall in the northwestern Amazon Basin(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2020-02-27) Ampuero, A.; Stríkis, N. M.; Apaéstegui Campos, James Emiliano; Vuille, M.; Novello, V. F.; Espinoza, J. C.; Cruz, F. W.; Vonhof, H.; Mayta, V. C.; Martins, V. T. S.; Cordeiro, R. C.; Azevedo, V.; Sifeddine, A.In the Amazon basin, intense precipitation recycling across the forest significantly modifies the isotopic composition of rainfall (δ¹⁸O, δD). In the tropical hydrologic cycle, such an effect can be identified through deuterium excess (dxs), yet it remains unclear what environmental factors control dxs, increasing the uncertainty of dxs‐based paleoclimate reconstructions. Here we present a 4‐year record of the isotopic composition of rainfall, monitored in the northwestern Amazon basin. We analyze the isotopic variations as a function of the air mass history, based on atmospheric back trajectory analyses, satellite observations of precipitation upstream, leaf area index, and simulated moisture recycling along the transport pathway. We show that the precipitation recycling in the forest exerts a significant control on the isotopic composition of precipitation in the northwestern Amazon basin, especially on dxs during the dry season (r = 0.71). Applying these observations to existing speleothem and pollen paleorecords, we conclude that winter precipitation increased after the mid‐Holocene, as the expansion of the forest allowed for more moisture recycling. Therefore, forest effects should be considered when interpreting paleorecords of past precipitation changes.Item Open Access The LISN database: description and initial results(Instituto Geofísico del Perú, 2009) De la Jara, César; Chau Chong Shing, Jorge Luis; Espinoza, J. C.; Veliz, Oscar; Valladares, C.; Bullet, T.The heavy volume of data that GPS, ionosondes and magnetometers are continuously collecting is stored in the LISN server and managed using a set of rules that are intended to provide an efficiently way to manipulate the large data sets and also implement an adequate method to systematically transform all this information into knowledge. LISN integrates multiple data sources and should provide security, integrity and availability in a multi-user environment. Data from the remote stations arrives to the server continuously and is stored, processed and distributed. This data is easily available and in some cases freely accessible to the community promoting research and encouraging collaboration between users.